1. Parts of speech
(1) Nouns: They are the name of a person, place, thing, or concept.
- Tiger, Canada, Desk, Gravity.
(2) Pronouns: They replace nouns which are used before in order to prevent repeating same words.
- If you need a recipe of pasta, I can give it.
a. Personal pronouns: I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it, we, us, you, they, them.
b. Possessive pronouns: my, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his, its, our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs.
c. Intensive and reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
d. Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
e. Interrogative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
f. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
g. Indefinite pronouns: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something.
h. Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another.
(3) Verbs: They describe action or state.
a. Helping verbs: have, has, had, do, does, did, be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been/can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
b. Main verbs: They should change their tenses in regard of situation.
(4) Adjectives: They modify nouns or pronouns.
- frisky, old, cracked, unpopular
- a, an, the (definite article, indefinite article)
(5) Adverbs: They modify verbs, adjectives, another adverb, prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, or whole sentences.
- firmly, first, extremely, barely
(6) Prepositions: They are placed before nouns or pronouns.
- to, from, in, over, etc.
(7) Conjunctions: They put together words, phrases, or clauses.
a. Coordinating conjunctions: They link grammatically same elements.
- and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet.
b. Correlative conjunctions: They also connect grammatically same elements, but they pair up.
- either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, whether-or, and both-and.
c. Subordinating conjunctions: They join a subordinate clause with a main clause.
- after, although, as, as if, because, before, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, where, whether, and while.
d. Conjunctive adverbs: They interlink between independent clauses. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of a clause.
- finally, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, similarly, then, therefore, and thus.
(8) Interjections: They express emotion or feeling.
- Oh! Hey! Wow!
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