EAP 140 AM - PARK, Hyunyoung - Week 2 4/4

  The subjects can be divided into the complete subject, the simple subject, understood subjects and subject after the verb.

  The complete subject is found by asking who? or what? and then putting the verb.

What I would like to say is we have to make a list before shopping.

  The simple subject consist of the modifier and noun.

The difficult situation happened to me.

 When we recognize what subject is, even though it doesn't appear, we call it the understood subjects.

Do not speak loudly in the night time.

When we use 'there is' or 'there are', the constituents of sentence should be located in opposite. Therefore, the subject should be put after the verb.

There are many beautiful flowers. 

EAP 140 AM - PARK, Hyunyoung - Week 2 3/4

 What I am learning today is about connection between two sentences especially by using the comma and semicolon. Whenever I used the punctuation marks, I felt confused; however, I There are three ways of linking sentences.

 First, you cannot use comma when you link two independent sentences. If you want to put the comma when you connect the sentences, you must add the conjunctions or connectors with the comma.

 Second, you can join two sentences with the conjunction and comma as I mentioned it before. Here are some examples.

I played baseball, and I played basketball.

I got muscle pain because I played tennis yesterday.

Because I played tennis yesterday, I got muscle pain.

 Third, you can put the connectors. They could be used in diverse way as follows.

I am short. However, my father is tall.

I am short. My father, however, tall.

I like walking. I do not, however, like running.

I like walking. I do not like running, however.

EAP 140 AM - PARK, Hyunyoung - Week 2 2/4

1. Articles: 'A,' 'an,' 'the' belong to articles.

 (1) You need to be comfortable with articles and other noun markers.
  a. Using articles and other noun markers

• a book, an exciting trip
• that very delicious meal

  b. Types of articles and types of nouns

   - Common nouns: name general persons, places, things, or ideas (start with lowercase).

• religion, desk, snow.

   - Proper nouns: name specific persons, places, things, or ideas (start with capital letter).

• Korea, President Obama.

   - Count nouns: name persons, places, things, or ideas that can be counted.

• boys, bottles.

   - Noncount nouns: name things or abstract ideas that can't be counted.

• water, weather.

   - Singular nouns: show one person, place, thing, or idea.

• man, book.

   - Plural nouns: show at least 2 persons, places, things, or ideas (must be count nouns).

• bags, pencils.

   - Specific nouns: name persons, places, things, or ideas that can be identified within a group of the same type.

• The students in EAP class.

   - General nouns: name categories of persons, places, things, or ideas.

• Students.

 (2) 'The' can be used with most specific common nouns.

  a. when the noun is mentioned before

  b. when following phrase or clause limits the noun

  c. with a superlative adjective

  d. when the noun express a specific person, place, or thing.

  e. when the noun become clear by context.

  f. when the noun is classified with something scientific.

 (3) 'A' is used with common singular count nouns like one or any.

 (4) When you explain a rough amount, you can use some or more.

 (5) When you use nouns that show all of something or something, you can't use articles.
 (6) 'The' can be used with most plural proper nouns.

EAP 140 AM - PARK, Hyunyoung - Week 2 1/4

1. Parts of speech
 (1) Nouns: They are the name of a person, place, thing, or concept.

• Tiger, Canada, Desk, Gravity.

 (2) Pronouns: They replace nouns which are used before in order to prevent repeating same words.

• If you need a recipe of pasta, I can give it.

  a. Personal pronouns: I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it, we, us, you, they, them.

  b. Possessive pronouns: my, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his, its, our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs.

  c. Intensive and reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

  d. Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.

  e. Interrogative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.

  f. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.

  g. Indefinite pronouns: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something.

  h. Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another.

 (3) Verbs: They describe action or state.

  a. Helping verbs: have, has, had, do, does, did, be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been/can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.

  b. Main verbs: They should change their tenses in regard of situation.

 (4) Adjectives: They modify nouns or pronouns.

• frisky, old, cracked, unpopular
• a, an, the (definite article, indefinite article)

 (5) Adverbs: They modify verbs, adjectives, another adverb, prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, or whole sentences.

• firmly, first, extremely, barely

 (6) Prepositions: They are placed before nouns or pronouns.

• to, from, in, over, etc.

 (7) Conjunctions: They put together words, phrases, or clauses.

  a. Coordinating conjunctions: They link grammatically same elements.

• and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet.

  b. Correlative conjunctions: They also connect grammatically same elements, but they pair up.

• either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, whether-or, and both-and.

  c. Subordinating conjunctions: They join a subordinate clause with a main clause.

• after, although, as, as if, because, before, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, where, whether, and while.

  d. Conjunctive adverbs: They interlink between independent clauses. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of a clause.

• finally, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, similarly, then, therefore, and thus.

(8) Interjections: They express emotion or feeling.

• Oh! Hey! Wow!

EAP 140 AM - PARK, Hyunyoung - Week 1 2/4

1. Verbs

 (1) Verbs should be used about form and tense in proper ways. There are 5 basic verb forms such as base form, past tense, past participle, present participle and -s form.
  a. Verb tenses
   - Simple tenses: simple present, simple past, simple future
   - Simple progressive forms: present progressive, past progressive
   - Perfect tenses: present perfect, past perfect
   - Perfect progressive forms: present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive

 (2) Verbs should be used about the base form of the verb after modal such as can, could, may, might, must, should, will, and would.

• The students must come to school on time.

   

 (3) When you use a verb as the passive form, you should add a form of 'be' before the past participle.

• You are invited by your classmate.
• She was punished for being absent.
• My visa will be expired on July.
• My apartment is being renovated by a big construction company.
• I am being moved to Canada.
• They considered they were done well.
• My vacation has been postponed because of the weather.
• Many of area's orchards have been cultivated for more than three hundred years.
• He had been insulted from his boss.

 (4) When you'd like to make negative verb forms, you should put 'not' in the proper place.

• I am not a worker.
• He does not bother you.
• He did not get high scores in his exam.
• She should not have taken a taxi last night.
• She is not studying today.
• I could not find any good apartments to move.

 (5) When you use a conditional sentence, you have to select verb tenses considering the type of condition used in the sentence.

  a. Factual

• If water heats to 100 º, it boils.
• When I study, I wear earplugs.

  b. Predictive

• If you study abroad to learn English, you should develop your English skills.
• If you study hard, you will pass the exam for entering the university.

  c. Speculative

   - Unlikely possibilities

• If I had a bill larger than $20, I would not eat here.

   - Conditions contrary to fact

• If I were a bird, I could fly.

 (6) You need to be comfortable with gerunds or infinitives that comes after verbs

   a. Verb + gerund or infinitive (same meaning): begin, hate, love, continue, like, start

• I begin to be on a diet./I begin being on a diet.

   b. Verb + gerund or infinitive (different meaning): forget, remember, stop, try

• I will stop smoking. (I won't smoke anymore.)
• I will stop to smoke. (I will quit something in order to smoke.)

   c. Verb + gerund: admit, appreciate, avoid, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, miss, postpone, practice, put off, quit, recall, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate.

• He deny stealing my bike.

   d. Verb + infinitive: agree, ask, beg, claim, decide, expect, help, hope, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuge, wait, want, wish, would like.

• You don't need to care about something bad.
• I want to exercise today.
• I want you to exercise today.

   e. Verb + noun or pronoun + infinitive: advise, allow, cause, command, convince, encourage, have(own), instruct, order, persuade, remind, require, tell, urge, warn.

• He allows me to continue taking his class.

   f. Verb + noun or pronoun + unmarked infinitive: have(cause), let, help, make(cause)

• Could you let me know your plan?

EAP 140 AM - PARK, Hyunyoung - Week 1 1/4

1. Comma: it would prevent readers from being confused.

 (1) A comma and a coordinating conjunction link two independent clauses.
 (2) A comma separates an introductory word or phrase from the rest of the sentence.
 (3) A comma separates words, phrases, or clauses in a list.
 (4) A comma is used between coordinate adjectives such as severe, but it should't be located with 'and', also between cumulative adjectives such as chocolate.
 (5) A comma isn't used before restrictive elements, but before nonrestrictive elements.
 (6) A comma detaches from transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, and elements expressing contrast.
 (7) A comma segregates nouns of direct address, the words 'yes' and 'no', interrogative tags, and mild interjections.
 (8) A comma is used before and after "he said" when writing conversation.
 (9) A comma joins with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers.
 (10) A comma makes readers avoid confusion.

2. Unnecessary commas

 (1) A comma shouldn't be used between compound elements that aren't independent clauses
 (2) A comma shouldn't be used after a phrase which starts an inverted sentence.
 (3) A comma shouldn't be used before the first of after the last item consecutively.
 (4) A comma shouldn't be between cumulative adjectives, between an adjective and a noun or between and adverb and and adjective.
 (5) A comma shouldn't be used to pull apart restrictive or mildly parenthetical elements.
 (6) A comma shouldn't be located to separate a concluding adverb clause which is necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
 (7) A comma shouldn't be used to set off a verb from its subject or object.
 (8) A comma shouldn't be placed after coordinating conjunction, 'such as', 'like', 'although', also before 'than', a parenthesis.
 (9) A comma shouldn't be used to separate an indirect quotation.
 (10) A comma shouldn't be with a question mark or an exclamation point.

3. The semicolon

 (1) A semicolon separates two independent clauses that have a link in meaning.
 (2) A semicolon has function that it can detach items in a list that contains commas. Adding semicolons makes the list easier to read.
 (3) A semicolon shouldn't be used between a subordinate clause and the rest of the sentence.
 (4) A semicolon shouldn't be used between and appositive and the word it refers to.
 (5) A semicolon shouldn't be used to introduce a list.
 (6) A semicolon shouldn't be used between independent clauses with 'and', 'but', 'or', 'nor', 'for', 'so', or 'yet'.

4. The colon

 (1) A colon introduces a list only after a complete sentence.
 (2) A colon is used before a phrase that gives more information about a complete statement in formal writing. The information after the colon explains the complete statement.
 (3)  A colon is used after an independent clause to pay attention to a list, an appositive, or a quotation.
 (4) A colon is used after the salutation in a formal letter to point hours and minutes, to let reader know proportions, between a title and subtitle, and between city and publisher in bibliographic entries.